Jeffrey Carpenter

<p>We&rsquo;ve been talking about migrating workloads to the cloud for a long time, but a look at the application portfolios of many IT organizations demonstrates that there&rsquo;s still a lot of work to be done. In many cases, challenges with persisting and moving data in clouds continue to be the key limiting factor slowing cloud adoption, despite the fact that databases in the cloud have been available for years.</p>
<p>For this reason, recently there has been a surge of interest in data infrastructure that is designed to take maximum advantage of the benefits that cloud computing provides. A <a href="https://dtsx.io/381amw6">cloud-native database</a>&nbsp;is one that achieves the goals of scalability, elasticity, resiliency, observability and automation; the&nbsp;<a href="https://dtsx.io/3uRFebC">K8ssandra</a>&nbsp;project is a great example. It packages&nbsp;<a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/_/index.html">Apache Cassandra&reg;</a>&nbsp;and supporting tools into a production-ready Kubernetes deployment.</p>
<h2><strong>Databases on Kubernetes</strong></h2>
<p>This raises an interesting question: must a database run on&nbsp;<a href="https://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a>&nbsp;to be considered cloud-native? While Kubernetes was originally designed for stateless workloads, recent improvements in Kubernetes &ndash; such as StatefulSets and persistent volumes &ndash; have made it possible to run stateful workloads, as well. Even long-time DevOps practitioners&nbsp;<a href="https://thenewstack.io/a-case-for-databases-on-kubernetes-from-a-former-skeptic/">skeptical of running databases</a>&nbsp;on Kubernetes are beginning to come around, and&nbsp;<a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/to-run-or-not-to-run-a-database-on-kubernetes-what-to-consider">best practices</a>&nbsp;are starting to emerge.</p>
<p>But, of course, grudging acceptance of running databases on Kubernetes is not our goal. If we&rsquo;re not pushing for greater&nbsp;<a href="https://containerjournal.com/topics/a-maturity-model-for-cloud-native-databases/">maturity in cloud-native databases</a>, we&rsquo;re missing a big opportunity. To make databases the most &ldquo;cloud-native&rdquo; they can be, we need to embrace everything that Kubernetes has to offer. A truly cloud-native approach means adopting key elements of the Kubernetes design paradigm. A cloud-native database must be one that can run effectively on Kubernetes. Let&rsquo;s explore a few Kubernetes design principles that point the way.</p>
<h3><strong>Principle One: Leverage Compute, Network and Storage as Commodity APIs</strong></h3>
<p>One of keys to the success of cloud computing is the commoditization of compute, networking and storage as resources we can provision via simple APIs. Consider this sampling of AWS services:</p>
<ul>
<li>Compute: We allocate virtual machines through EC2 and Autoscaling Groups (ASGs).</li>
<li>Network: We manage traffic using Elastic Load Balancers (ELB), Route 53, and VPC peering.</li>
<li>Storage: We persist data using options such as the Simple Storage Service (S3) for long-term object storage, or Elastic Block Storage (EBS) volumes for our compute instances.</li>
</ul>
<p>Kubernetes offers its own APIs to provide similar services for a world of containerized applications:</p>
<ul>
<li>Compute: pods, deployments, and replica sets manage the scheduling and life cycle of containers on computing hardware.</li>
<li>Network: services and ingress expose a container&rsquo;s networked interfaces.</li>
<li>Storage: persistent volumes and stateful sets enable flexible association of containers to storage.</li>
</ul>
<p>Kubernetes resources promote portability of applications across Kubernetes distributions and service providers. What does this mean for databases? They&rsquo;re simply applications that leverage compute, networking and storage resources to provide the services of data persistence and retrieval:</p>
<ul>
<li>Compute: a database needs sufficient processing power to process incoming data and queries. Each database node is deployed as a pod and grouped in StatefulSets, enabling Kubernetes to manage scaling out and scaling in.</li>
<li>Network: a database needs to expose interfaces for data and control. We can use Kubernetes Services and Ingress Controllers to expose these interfaces.</li>
<li>Storage: a database uses persistent volumes of a specified storage class to store and retrieve data.</li>
</ul>
<p>Thinking of databases in terms of their compute, network and storage needs removes much of the complexity involved in deployment on Kubernetes.</p>
<h3><strong>Principle Two: Separate the Control and Data Planes</strong></h3>
<p>Kubernetes promotes the separation of control and data planes. The Kubernetes API server is the key data plane interface used to request computing resources, while the control plane manages the details of mapping those requests onto an underlying IaaS platform.</p>
<p>We can apply this same pattern to databases. For example, Cassandra&rsquo;s data plane consists of the port exposed by each node for clients to access&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/cql-oss/3.1/cql/cql_intro_c.html">Cassandra Query Language</a>&nbsp;(CQL) and the port used for internode communication. The control plane includes the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Management_Extensions">Java Management Extensions (JMX)</a>&nbsp;interface provided by each Cassandra node. Although JMX is a standard that&rsquo;s showing its age and has had some security vulnerabilities, it&rsquo;s a relatively simple task to take a more cloud-native approach. In K8ssandra, Cassandra is deployed in a custom container image that adds a RESTful Management API, bypassing the JMX interface.</p>
<p>The remainder of the control plane consists of logic that leverages the management API to manage Cassandra nodes. This is implemented via the Kubernetes operator pattern. Operators define custom resources and provide control loops that observe the state of those resources and take actions to move them toward a desired state, helping extend Kubernetes with domain-specific logic.</p>
<p>The K8ssandra project uses <a href="https://dtsx.io/395qJsp">cass-operator</a> to automate Cassandra operations. Cass-operator defines a &ldquo;CassandraDatatcenter&rdquo; custom resource (CRD) to represent each top-level failure domain of a Cassandra cluster. This builds a higher-level abstraction based on stateful sets and persistent volumes. For more information on cass-operator, read this <a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/cass-operator/doc/cass-operator/cassOperatorAbout.html">official documentation</a>.&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.sanity.io/images/bbnkhnhl/production/ec208a359e7c6784db11f8c7cfc11ff753ed03e8-512x416.png" alt="Graphic of a K8ssandra Deployment" width="512" height="416" /></p>
<p><em>Figure 1. A K8ssandra deployment with Apache Cassandra and cass-operator.</em>&nbsp;</p>
<h3><strong>Principle Three: Make Observability Easy</strong></h3>
<p>The three pillars of observable systems are logging, metrics and tracing. Kubernetes provides a great starting point by exposing the logs of each container to third-party log aggregation solutions. Metrics and tracing require a bit more effort to implement, but there are multiple solutions available.</p>
<p>The K8ssandra project supports metrics collection using the&nbsp;<a href="https://github.com/prometheus-community/helm-charts/tree/main/charts/kube-prometheus-stack">kube-prometheus-stack</a>. The&nbsp;<a href="https://dtsx.io/36vR7L2">Metrics Collector for Apache Cassandra (MCAC)</a>&nbsp;is deployed as an agent on each Cassandra node, providing a dedicated metrics endpoint. A ServiceMonitor from the kube-prometheus-stack pulls metrics from each agent and stores them in Prometheus for use by Grafana or other visualization and analysis tools.</p>
<h3><strong>Principle Four: Make the Default Configuration Secure</strong></h3>
<p>Kubernetes networking is secure by default: ports must be explicitly exposed in order to be accessed externally to a pod. This sets a useful precedent for database deployment, forcing us to think carefully about how each control plane and data plane interface will be exposed, and which interfaces should be exposed via a Kubernetes Service.</p>
<p>In Kassandra, CQL access is exposed as a service for each CassandraDatacenter resource, while APIs for management and metrics are accessed for individual Cassandra nodes by cass-operator and the Prometheus Service Monitor, respectively.</p>
<p>Kubernetes also provides facilities for secrets management, including sharing encryption keys and configuring administrative accounts. K8ssandra deployments replace Cassandra&rsquo;s default administrator account with a new administrator username and password.</p>
<h3><strong>Principle Five: Prefer Declarative Configuration</strong></h3>
<p>In the Kubernetes declarative approach, you specify the desired state of resources and controllers manipulate the underlying infrastructure in order to achieve that state. Cass-operator allows you to specify the desired number of nodes in a cluster, and manages the details of placing new nodes to scale up, and selecting which nodes to remove to scale down.</p>
<p>The next generation of operators should enable us to specify rules for stored data size, number of transactions per second or both. Perhaps we&rsquo;ll be able to specify maximum and minimum cluster sizes, and when to move less frequently used data to object storage.</p>
<h2><strong>Draw on the Wisdom of the Community</strong></h2>
<p>I hope I&rsquo;ve convinced you that Kubernetes is a great source of best practices for cloud-native database implementations, and the innovation continues. Solutions for federating Kubernetes clusters are still maturing, but will soon make it much simpler to manage multi-data center Cassandra clusters in Kubernetes. In the&nbsp;<a href="https://community.datastax.com/index.html">Cassandra community</a>, we can work to make extensions for management and metrics a part of the core Apache project so that Cassandra is more naturally cloud-native for everyone, right out of the box.</p>
<p>If you&rsquo;re excited at the prospect of cloud-native databases on Kubernetes, you&rsquo;re not alone. A group of like-minded individuals and organizations has assembled as the&nbsp;<a href="https://dok.community/">Data on Kubernetes Community</a>, which has hosted over 50 meetups in multiple languages since its inception last year. We&rsquo;re grateful to MayaData for helping to start this community, and are excited to announce that DataStax has joined as a co-sponsor of the DoKC.</p>
<p>If you want hands-on experience with deploying Cassandra on Kubernetes using K8ssandra, check out&nbsp;<a href="https://dtsx.io/392tF95">this article</a>. Or learn how to deploy a sample application with Cassandra in Kubernetes in&nbsp;<a href="https://dtsx.io/3vu5VC5">this article</a>. You can even become certified as an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.datastax.com/dev/certifications">Apache Cassandra Developer or Administrator</a>&nbsp;and gradually level up your skills to run Cassandra as part of cloud-native deployments with Kubernetes with this&nbsp;<a href="https://www.datastax.com/learn/apache-cassandra-operations-in-kubernetes">learning series</a>.</p>
<p>In more great news, DataStax is proud to support&nbsp;<a href="https://dok.community/dok-day-europe-2022-kubecon/">DoK Day Europe 2022</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.org/kubecon-cloudnativecon-europe/">Kubecon/CloudNativeCon Europe</a>, which will be held both virtually and in person in Valencia, Spain, on May 16-20, 2022. We hope to see you there! Join us for a cool coding challenge and, if you&rsquo;re coming in person, stop by the DataStax booth to talk about your project with our engineers. .&nbsp;</p>
<h2><strong>Resources</strong></h2>
<ol>
<li><a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/_/index.html">Apache Cassandra&reg;</a></li>
<li><a href="https://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/3uRFebC">K8ssandra</a></li>
<li><a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/cql-oss/3.1/cql/cql_intro_c.html">Introduction to Cassandra Query Language</a></li>
<li><a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/cass-operator/doc/cass-operator/cassOperatorAbout.html">What is cass-operator?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/395qJsp">cass-operator GitHub</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/prometheus-community/helm-charts/tree/main/charts/kube-prometheus-stack">Kube-prometheus-stack</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/36vR7L2">Metrics Collector for Apache Cassandra (MCAC) GitHub</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/381amw6">The search for a cloud-native database</a></li>
<li><a href="https://thenewstack.io/a-case-for-databases-on-kubernetes-from-a-former-skeptic/">A Case for Databases on Kubernetes from a Former Skeptic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/to-run-or-not-to-run-a-database-on-kubernetes-what-to-consider">To run or not to run a database on Kubernetes: What to consider</a></li>
<li><a href="https://containerjournal.com/topics/a-maturity-model-for-cloud-native-databases/">A Maturity Model for Cloud-Native Databases</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/392tF95">Cloud-Native Workshop: Apache Cassandra meets Kubernetes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/3vu5VC5">Deploy a Sample Application with Cassandra in Kubernetes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.datastax.com/learn/apache-cassandra-operations-in-kubernetes">Apache Cassandra Operations in Kubernetes Learning Series</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.datastax.com/dev/certifications">DataStax Certifications</a></li>
<li><a href="https://community.datastax.com">DataStax Community</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/3EpvYi1">DataStax Medium</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/3uTRxUF">DataStax YouTube Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dtsx.io/3vrrDXp">DataStax Developers on Twitter</a></li>
</ol>

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